化工厂的环境监测

化学工艺过程需要处置有潜在危险的化学品和潜在大量的能量,一旦失控,它们就会严重损害人体健康和环境。然而,一个化工厂能够而且必须是“清洁和安全”的,实际上必须是较安全和较清洁的工厂类型之一,而且只要由充分了解安全、工业卫生和环境问题的人员恰当经营,化工厂就能如此。 工厂排放必须加以监测、控制和削减,其理想目标是零排放。本文介绍一套为达到这样一个目标而制定一个废物（或排放物）最少化计划的标准,它建立在不同排放速度的估计和测定及其特定危险潜力（用TWA-8小时NIOSH值表示）的基础之上。必须确定行动的优先顺序,以便按照其相对重要性来修正每个行动。     

The study of age influence on human bone lead metabolism by using a simplified model and X-ray fluorescence data

Long term lead metabolism in the human body has never been fully understood due to the lack of human data in this area. The technological improvement of bone lead measurement systems has made bone lead data of substantial populations available. In this study, a set of X-ray fluorescence bone lead data was used to test Leggett's lead metabolism model (R. W. Leggett, Environ. Health Perspect., 1993a, 101, 598-616), especially the model of metabolism in bone. The data set includes the bone lead concentration of 539 occupationally exposed workers, of whom 327 were measured twice in five years. The bone lead concentrations of both cortical bone (tibia) and trabecular bone (calcaneus) were obtained by Cd-109 gamma-ray induced XRF measurement. The histories of blood lead concentration for these workers were used to regulate the input file of the model. The results show that the bone lead concentrations predicted by Leggett's model greatly underestimate the measured values, especially for older workers. This data set was then organized into five age groups. A new simplified model was applied to estimate the lead transfer rates between blood and lead compartments for these age groups. The original transfer rates and the new transfer rates are compared, and the differences are discussed. When the transfer rates derived from measured bone lead data were put into the input file of the model to replace the existing parameters, the predicted values were much closer to the measured values for both cortical bone and trabecular bone.     

Study of the relationships between bone lead levels and its variation with time and the cumulative blood lead index, in a repeated bone lead survey

The study aims were to: (i) investigate long term human lead metabolism by measuring the change of lead concentration in the tibia and calcaneus; and (ii) assess whether improved industrial hygiene was resulting in a slow accumulation of lead in an exposed workforce. 109Cd excited K X-ray fluorescence was used to measure tibia lead and calcaneus lead concentrations in 101 workers in a secondary lead smelter. 51 subjects had had similar bone lead measurements 5 years previously. Most of the other subjects had been hired since the first survey. Measurements of whole blood lead were available for the large majority of subjects. Tibia lead concentrations fell significantly (p<0.001) in the 51 subjects with repeated bone lead measurements, from a mean of 39 microg Pb (g bone mineral)(-1) to 33 microg Pb (g bone mineral)(-1). The change correlated negatively with the initial tibia lead concentration, producing an estimate for an overall half-life of 15 years, with a 95% confidence interval of 9 to 55 years. Adding continuing lead exposure and recirculation of bone lead stores to the regression models produced half-life estimates of 12 and 9 years, respectively, for release of lead from the tibia. The repeat subjects showed no net change in calcaneus lead (64 microg Pb (g bone mineral)(-1) initially, 65 microg Pb (g bone mineral)(-1) 5 years later). Subjects not measured previously had average lead concentrations of 15 microg Pb (g bone mincral)(-1) in the tibia and 13 microg Pb (g bone mineral)(-1) in the calcaneus. The rate of clearance of lead from the tibia (9 to 15 years) is towards the more rapid end of previous estimates. The lack of a significant fall in the calcaneus lead was surprising. Attempts should be made to repeat this observation. If confirmed, it would have implications for models of lead metabolism. The relatively low lead concentrations in the non-repeat subjects are reassuring. However, observation after a longer period of employment would be desirable.     

我与企业双平安——齐鲁烯烃厂“安康杯”竞赛纪实

最近，有一本叫做《健康手册——我与健康同行》的画册，从齐鲁公司烯烃厂员工手中传出，被邻居好友们借阅，有人还复印了送给父母亲朋。这不是名家著作，而是他们汇总职工查体中出现的主要问题，以及职工在工作中接触的主要有害物质，有针对性地编制的员工健康手册。2007年以来，该厂不断深化“安康杯”竞赛，开展了“职工身边无隐患，我与企业双平安”主题活动，     

Food caching in orb-web spiders (Araneae: Araneoidea)

Caching or storing surplus prey may reduce the risk of starvation during periods of food deprivation. While this behaviour occurs in a variety of birds and mammals, it is infrequent among invertebrates. However, golden orb-web spiders, Nephila edulis, incorporate a prey cache in their relatively permanent web, which they feed on during periods of food shortage. Heavier spiders significantly reduced weight loss if they were able to access a cache, but lost weight if the cache was removed. The presence or absence of stored prey had no effect on the weight loss of lighter spiders. Furthermore, N. edulis always attacked new prey, irrespective of the number of unprocessed prey in the web. In contrast, females of Argiope keyserlingi, who build a new web every day and do not cache prey, attacked fewer new prey items if some had already been caught. Thus, a necessary preadaptation to the evolution of prey caching in orb-web spiders may be a durable or permanent web, such as that constructed by Nephila.     

基于模糊层次分析法对高电压下耐压测试系统的风险评估

为评估高电压下耐压试验系统中存在的风险,首先基于模糊层次分析法建立了耐压测试系统风险综合评估指标体系;然后利用模糊层次分析法确立各风险因素的权重和隶属度;最后通过实例对高电压下不同耐压测试系统的风险进行综合评估。评估结果表明:在只考虑安全因素条件下,各耐压测试系统安全性能等级的排序为0.1 Hz试验装置测试系统谐振式耐压测试系统串级试验变压器测试系统单台高压试验变压器测试系统。该方法能有效对耐压测试系统进行风险评估,分析结果可为高电压下直、交流耐压测试系统风险分析与选择提供技术参考。     

机械式模拟运输台仿真研究

模拟运输振动试验台作为一种机械式随机振动模拟器,能够较好地再现汽车运输振动环境。针对模拟运输台在调试、使用时具有一定盲目性的问题,进行了运动学仿真。仿真结果与实测数据吻合良好,验证了模型建立的正确性,调整模拟运输台上可变参数进行一系列的仿真,总结这些参数对于最终结果影响的规律。仿真结果表明,模拟运输台的台面振动由系统自激振动和凸轮带动台面强迫振动复合而成;台面上功率谱密度的第一主峰主要和系统的自激振动有关,第二主峰主要和凸轮带动台面的强迫振动有关。     

Further evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd/D lattice: emission of charged particles

Almost two decades ago, Fleischmann and Pons reported excess enthalpy generation in the negatively polarized Pd/D-D₂O system, which they attributed to nuclear reactions. In the months and years that followed, other manifestations of nuclear activities in this system were observed, viz. tritium and helium production and transmutation of elements. In this report, we present additional evidence, namely, the emission of highly energetic charged particles emitted from the Pd/D electrode when this system is placed in either an external electrostatic or magnetostatic field. The density of tracks registered by a CR-39 detector was found to be of a magnitude that provides undisputable evidence of their nuclear origin. The experiments were reproducible. A model based upon electron capture is proposed to explain the reaction products observed in the Pd/D-D₂O system.

我们的目标是:打造一流化工装置——齐鲁石化乙烯装置创建完好装置纪实

2007年5月,距离齐鲁石化30万吨乙烯装置"87·5"开工投料的日子,整整20年了.如今的齐鲁乙烯装置已经成长扩能为年生产能力80万吨的大乙烯.在具有纪念意义的5月份,不断有令人惊喜的消息传来:5月上旬,乙烯小时产量超过百吨;能耗、水耗、裂解炉运行周期等指标,连创历史最好水平.     

行为经济学视角下矿工不安全行为仿真分析

为了分析影响矿工不安全行为决策的成本收益因素，扩展不安全行为的研究方向，基于行为经济学，构建矿工不安全行为决策模型，模型包括矿工属性、管理者属性以及矿工之间的交互影响规则。利用Netlogo工具进行仿真模拟，探讨不同影响因素对不安全行为产生的影响程度。结果表明:正向激励水平对抑制不安全行为效果显著，同时，维持合理的工作时间对保障安全生产意义重大，从而为煤矿企业控制不安全行为提供思路。